tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-65168449063959256032024-03-14T02:12:07.332+05:30Knowledge BitsAkhilhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10451483834020038687noreply@blogger.comBlogger3125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6516844906395925603.post-75607262492948605032017-03-23T22:53:00.000+05:302017-03-23T22:58:01.832+05:30Carbon Fiber<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
Carbon fiber is a long, thin strand of material composed mostly of carbon atoms. The carbon atoms are bonded together in microscopic crystals that are more or less aligned parallel to the long axis of the fiber.<br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjuEV8Y7iH-A1ubIqRL99BAzlZWSvYtkBJQLvicK6rHjBOg0u_dw7t7GinatG46Koa05_-ALQak4YSDwXOAFblbnRfAbH4qNn77dxlW37_K_nBMPaEas3iUQFtJo9kNo_8Ej5MlkZkgvWeE/s1600/CF+2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjuEV8Y7iH-A1ubIqRL99BAzlZWSvYtkBJQLvicK6rHjBOg0u_dw7t7GinatG46Koa05_-ALQak4YSDwXOAFblbnRfAbH4qNn77dxlW37_K_nBMPaEas3iUQFtJo9kNo_8Ej5MlkZkgvWeE/s1600/CF+2.jpg" /></a></div>
<br />
The properties of carbon fibers, such as high stiffness, high tensile strength, low weight, high chemical resistance, high temperature tolerance and low thermal expansion, make them very popular in aerospace, civil engineering, military, and motorsports, along with other competition sports. However, they are relatively expensive when compared with similar fibers, such as glass fibers or plastic fibers.<br />
<br />
The carbon atoms are bonded together in crystals that are more or less aligned parallel to the long axis of the fiber as the crystal alignment gives the fiber high strength-to-volume ratio. Several thousand carbon fibers are bundled together to form a tow, which may be used by itself or woven into a fabric.<br />
Carbon fibers are usually combined with other materials to form a composite. When combined with a plastic resin and wound or molded it forms carbon-fiber-reinforced polymer which has a very high strength-to-weight ratio. Carbon fibers are also composited with other materials, such as graphite, to form carbon-carbon composites, which have a very high heat tolerance.<br />
Carbon fiber-reinforced composite materials are used to make aircraft carbon fiber compared to human hair and spacecraft parts, racing car bodies, golf club shafts, bicycle frames, fishing rods, automobile springs, sailboat masts, and many other components where light weight and high strength are needed.<br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgrua5Lha5_Cj0Ofd1WVkTXCc12PzCR-IopriaZKmhZUo4QQNKwmGH3Uhr-OPtd7lqGAMPXHuMIc98T6VgjxnyMtWSLfE7gTkGeTwsmnqj-sW6Bc4e7AcAvQ6m0cgCeIzXK2EiuAni_ya8F/s1600/CF+1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="213" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgrua5Lha5_Cj0Ofd1WVkTXCc12PzCR-IopriaZKmhZUo4QQNKwmGH3Uhr-OPtd7lqGAMPXHuMIc98T6VgjxnyMtWSLfE7gTkGeTwsmnqj-sW6Bc4e7AcAvQ6m0cgCeIzXK2EiuAni_ya8F/s320/CF+1.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<br />
Each carbon filament is produced from a polymer such as polyacrylonitrile (PAN), rayon, or petroleum pitch, known as a precursor. For synthetic polymers such as PAN or rayon, the precursor is first spun into filament yarns, using chemical and mechanical processes to initially align the polymer atoms in a way to enhance the final physical properties of the completed carbon fiber. Precursor compositions and mechanical processes used during spinning filament yarns may vary among manufacturers. After drawing or spinning, the polymer filament yarns are then heated to drive off non-carbon atoms (carbonization), producing the final carbon fiber.<br />
<br />
A common method of manufacture involves heating the spun PAN filaments to approximately 300 °C in air, which breaks many of the hydrogen bonds and oxidizes the material. The oxidized PAN is then placed into a furnace having an inert atmosphere of a gas such as argon, and heated to approximately 2000 °C, which induces graphitization of the material, changing the molecular bond structure. When heated in the correct conditions, these chains bond side-to-side, forming narrow graphene sheets which eventually merge to form a single, columnar filament. The result is usually 93–95% carbon. Lower-quality fiber can be manufactured using pitch or rayon as the precursor instead of PAN. The carbon can become further enhanced, as high modulus, or high strength carbon, by heat treatment processes. Carbon heated in the range of 1500–2000 °C exhibits the highest tensile strength, while carbon fiber heated from 2500 to 3000 °C (graphitizing) exhibits a higher modulus of elasticity.<br />
<br /></div>
Akhilhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10451483834020038687noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6516844906395925603.post-43810876884025580762013-09-21T18:59:00.000+05:302017-03-23T23:42:11.472+05:30Determine The Resolving Power Of Your Eye<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<br />
You can estimate the resolving power of your eye with a sample experiment. Make black stripes of equal width separated by white stripes: see figure here.<br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-dZh3ys9K_Eo/Uj2e_Pq1zSI/AAAAAAAAAro/-Q9zCaSRIdw/s1600/black+&+white+strip.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="100" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-dZh3ys9K_Eo/Uj2e_Pq1zSI/AAAAAAAAAro/-Q9zCaSRIdw/s320/black+&+white+strip.png" width="320" /></a></div>
<br />
All the black strip should be of equal width, while the width of the intermediate white strip should increase as you go from left to right. For example, let all black stripes have a width of 5 mm. Let the width of the first two white stripes be 0.5 mm each, the next two white stripes be 1 mm each, the next two 1.5 mm each, etc. Paste this pattern on a wall in a room or laboratory, at the height of your eye.<br />
<br />
Now watch the pattern preferably with one eye. By moving away or closer to the wall, find the position where you can just see some two black stripes as separate stripes. All the black stripes to the left of this stripe should merge into one another and would not be distinguishable. On the other hand, the black stripes to the right of this would be more and more clearly visible. Note the width 'd' of the white stripe which separates the two regions, and measure the distance 'D' of the wall from your eye.<br />
Then d/D is the resolution of your eye.<br />
<br />
You have watched specks of dust floating in air in a sunbeam entering through your window. Find the distance (of a speck) which you can clearly see and distinguish from a neighbouring speck. Knowing the resolution of your eye and the distance of the speck, estimate the size of the speck of dust.<br />
<div>
<br /></div>
</div>
Akhilhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10451483834020038687noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6516844906395925603.post-86341006442277065402013-09-21T13:12:00.000+05:302013-09-21T13:16:23.936+05:30Microwave Oven<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<br />
The spectrum of electromagnetic radiation contains a part known as microwaves. These waves have frequency and energy smaller than visible light and wavelength larger than it.<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;">How does it works?</span><br />
<br />
Our objective is to cook food or warm it up. All food items such as fruit, vegetables, meat, cereals, etc., contain water as a constituent. Now, what does it means when we say that a certain object has become warmer? When the temperature of a body raises, the energy of the random motion of atoms and molecules increases and the molecules travel or vibrate or rotate with higher energies. The frequency of rotation of water molecules is about 300 crore hertz, which is 3 gigahertz (GHz). If water receives microwaves of this frequency, its molecule absorb this radiation, which is equivalent to heating up water. These molecule share this energy with neighbouring food molecules, heating up the food.<br />
<br />
One should use porcelain vessels and not metal containers in a microwave oven because of the danger of getting a shock from accumulated electric charges. Metals may also melt from heating. The porcelain container remains unaffected and cool, because its large molecules vibrate and rotate with much smaller frequencies, and thus cannot absorb microwaves. Hence, they do not get heated up.<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;">Basic principle?</span><br />
<br />
Thus the basic principle of a microwave oven is to generate microwave radiation of appropriate frequency in the working space of the oven where we keep food. This way energy is not wasted in heating up the vessel. In the conventional heating method, the vessel on the burner gets heated first, and then the food inside gets heated because of transfer of energy from the vessel. In microwave oven, on the other hand, energy is directly delivered to water molecules which is shared by the entire food.<br />
<br /></div>
Akhilhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10451483834020038687noreply@blogger.com0